When is sudan independent

From to the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium governed northern and southern Sudan separately. In the first civil war, from to , southern insurgents, called the Anya Nya , fought against GOS for greater autonomy. By , Anya Nya controlled most of southern Sudan. The war ended with the Addis Ababa Agreement between SSLM and GOS, which granted significant regional autonomy to southern Sudan on internal issues, and also promised the Abyei area , located on the north-south border, the right to hold a referendum to determine whether they would remain a part of northern Sudan or join the newly formed Southern Region.

However, on June 30, a military coup led by Omar Al-Bashir overthrew the Sudanese government and repudiated the peace agreement. Government troops suppressed a military rebellion near Khartoum on September , , resulting in the deaths of two individuals. An interim constitution went into effect on October 10, Some 22, individuals were killed during the crisis.

Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi formed a new coalition government on May 15, Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi dissolved the government on March 11, General Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir took control of the government, declared a state of emergency, and suspended the constitution on June 30, General Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir banned political parties on July 1, , and formed a government as prime minister on July 9, The Egyptian government provided diplomatic assistance diplomatic recognition to the RCC on July 2, The Sudanese government suppressed a rebellion on April 23, , and 31 individuals were executed for their involvement in the rebellion on April 24, The RCC named Lt.

The European Community EC imposed military sanctions arms embargo against the government on March 15, Government police and demonstrators clashed in Khartoum on September , , resulting in the deaths of two individuals. Legislative elections were held between March 2 and March 17, , and independents won out of seats in the National Assembly.

General Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir was elected president with 76 percent of the vote on March , , and he was inaugurated as president on April 1, HRW condemned the government for human rights abuses against opponents of the government on February 10, A new constitution was approved in a referendum held on May 27, The new constitution was signed into law on June 30, President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir dissolved the parliament and declared a three-month state-of-emergency on December 11, Twenty individuals were killed in political violence in Omdurman on December 9, President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir was re-elected with 87 percent of the vote on December 22, , and he was inaugurated for a second term on February 12, Four individuals were killed in election-related violence in Sodari province on December 21, NDA rebels killed seven government policemen in Aroma on February 6, Members of the al-Muaalia and Reizagat tribes clashed in western Sudan in May , resulting in the deaths of some 50 individuals.

On July 17, , eighty-seven individuals were sentenced to death by a government court for their involvement in the May clashes in western Sudan. The parliament extended the state-of-emergency for an additional year on December 23, Government troops clashed with rebels in the Darfur region on July 12, , resulting in the deaths of 13 government soldiers and 30 rebels.

The European Union EU imposed military sanctions arms embargo against the Sudanese government and non-governmental groups in the Darfur region on January 9, Members of the Janjaweed killed some individuals in Wadi Saleh in the Darfur region on March , The EU sent a seven-member fact-finding mission to the Darfur region on August 3, On August 9, , the EU fact-finding mission reported that they had found no evidence of a genocide in the Darfur region.

On October 20, , the AU decided to established the African Union Mission in Sudan AMIS II to monitor the ceasefire agreement, protect the delivery of humanitarian assistance, protect internally-displaced persons, and assist Sudanese police in maintaining law and order. The military component of AMIS II consisted of 6, military personnel including 5, peacekeeping soldiers and military observers from 28 countries commanded by General Festus Okonkwo of Nigeria. Government troops killed 17 demonstrators in Port Sudan in eastern Sudan on January 29, The Sudanese government lifted the nationwide state-of-emergency on July 11, , except for the Darfur region and parts of eastern Sudan.

The mission consisted of some military and civilian personnel including military experts, military observers, and civilian police officers. Vice-President John Garang was killed in a helicopter accident on August 1, On August , , some individuals were killed during riots that following the death of Vice-President Garang.

The government of Eritrea mediated a ceasefire agreement between the Sudanese government and Eastern Front EF , a coalition of rebels groups in eastern Sudan, on June 19, Government troops launched a military offensive in the Darfur region on August 29, President George W. Bush appointed Andrew Natsios as U. Special Envoy to Sudan on September 19, The government of Eritrea mediated the signing of a peace agreement between the Sudanese government and EF on October 14, Thirty-three internally-displaced persons were killed by government troops in the Kalma camp on August 25, On September 9, , the LAS established a six-member committee led by the government of Qatar to mediate negotiations between the government and Darfur rebels.

Government troops clashed with JEM rebels in North Darfur state on February 19, , resulting in the deaths of some 17 rebels and 11 government soldiers. Representatives of JEM withdrew from negotiations with the government on March 20, Members of the Murle ethnic group attacked members of the Lou Nuer ethnic group at a camp in the Akobo area in Jonglei state on August 3, , resulting in the deaths of more than individuals.

Government police clashes with protesters in Khartoum on August 5, On September 1, , Lt. Lou Nuer tribesmen attacked the village of Duk Padiet in Jonglei state on September 20, , resulting in the deaths of some 80 individuals. Ten individuals were killed in clashed between members of the Zaghawa and Birgid tribes south of El Fasher on October 27, Government and Darfur rebel representatives resumed negotiations in Doha, Qatar on November 18, Government police arrested several opposition leaders in Khartoum on December 8, Some , individuals were killed, and some 2.

Arguments erupt over pipeline transit costs and Sudan confiscates millions of barrels of South Sudan crude. Kiir fires Machar and all government ministers, their deputies and several police brigadiers on July After a night of fighting in the capital, Juba, Kiir says on December 16 his forces had thwarted an attempted coup by Machar, who denies the claim.

Rival army units clash in Juba. But fighting between supporters of both leaders breaks out again in July. The military said the Council would Sudan through a two-year transition to civilian rule, but opposition groups demanded a quicker transfer.

The African Union and Ethiopia negotiated a power-sharing deal that put a joint civilian-military government in place in September, but the military dismissed the civilian ministers in a coup in October Lt-Gen Burhan has been accused of involvement in atrocities during military operations against non-Arab civilians in Darfur in , when he was chief of ground forces.

Sudanese broadcasting is highly restricted and state TV and radio reflect government policy. The private press carries opposition views, but the state uses its powers to influence what is published. More than a quarter of Sudanese citizens are online, but access can be prohibitively expensive.